Independent and combined relationships between nighttime light exposure, air pollution, PM<sub>2.5</sub> constituents, greenness and diabetes or high blood sugar: a national prospective cohort study.

Additionally, the combination of low NL and high NO 3 − showed the strongest risk association (HR = 2.90; 95% CI: 1.23–6.84), indicating that even in areas with low NL levels but high NO 3 − levels, there may be significant health risks.

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However, visual analysis of the curves revealed potential deviations from strict linearity, particularly a slight flattening of the response curve slope when PM 2.5 exposure exceeded 35 μg/m3, suggesting a possible threshold effect, although this deviation did not reach statistical significance.

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