Correlation analysis between multifidus muscle atrophy and the severity of degenerative scoliosis retrospective, cross-sectional study.

Secondly, as a cross-sectional retrospective observational study, it lacks longitudinal follow-up data to establish causality; long-term follow-up studies are required.Thirdly, using only LCSA/GCSA to measure atrophy, without incorporating muscle density or fat infiltration metrics, introduces potential bias.Finally, although the severe group showed considerable CSA differences between convex and concave sides, these differences did not reach statistical significance due to the small sample size (n = 22) and high variability.

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