Spatial epidemiology of dengue and chikungunya in Karnataka using GIS-based analysis.

Glob Health Action · 2025 · PMC12372493 · PMID 40836677

Europe PMC DOI

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a clear trendno p-value reported

Conversely, in 2022, the scatter plot lacks a clear trend, and 2024 shows a mild, non-significant pattern, reinforcing the random distribution of dengue IRs across the state.

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a positive trendno p-value reported

In 2021 and 2023, the scatter plots display a positive trend, confirming that districts with high dengue incidence are spatially clustered together, as are districts with low incidence.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.