Serum TNF-Alpha and IL-10 Predict Reduced Sensitivity to Fear- and Anxiety-Related Traits in Healthy Older Dogs: Preliminary Evidence for Immune-Personality Signatures in Later Life.

As expected based on the selection criteria, the clinicopathological screening, including immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM), assessed as indicators of potential immune activation, did not reveal any values outside the reference intervals in either age group, despite a marginally significant ( p = 0.040) trend toward lower hematocrit (Ht) values and a significantly higher concentration of globulin fractions in older animals, resulting in a reduced albumin-to-globulin ratio, as previously reported in the literature [ 15 , 49 , 50 ].

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In contrast, age group and IL-10 did not reach statistical significance as main effects, and no significant associations were detected in young dogs.

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