Transgenerational Effects of Cadmium and Copper Exposure on Development, Reproduction, and Midgut Integrity in <i>Culex pipiens</i> (Diptera: Culicidae): Implications for Vector Ecology Under Metal Pollution.

The analysis revealed a highly significant main effect of copper sulfate concentration on development time (F(4, 39) = 14.97, p < 0.001, partial η 2 = 0.606), demonstrating that increasing copper concentrations significantly delayed development.

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Although the effect of generation approached significance (F(1, 39) = 3.677, p = 0.063, partial η 2 = 0.086), no statistically significant interactions were detected among the three factors, including concentration × phase ( p = 0.795), concentration × generation ( p = 0.807), phase × generation ( p = 0.636), or the three-way interaction ( p = 0.978).

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