Maternal smoking showed a trend with an increased risk of CL/P (OR = 1.58 [95%-CI = 0.95–2.73]), although the association was not statistically significant (Fisher’s exact p = 0.0796), and maternal vitamin intake was associated with reduced cleft risk (OR = 0.11 [95%-CI = 0.08–0.17]; Fisher’s exact p < 2.2 × 10 −16 ).
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Gene-by-Environment Interactions Involving Maternal Exposures with Orofacial Cleft Risk in Filipinos.
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