Spatio-temporal evolution and convergence patterns of E-commerce development in China: Regional disparities and policy implications.

A clear trend of σ convergence is evident on a nationwide scale.

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If the standard deviation or coefficient of variation shows a decreasing trend, it indicates that the economic development levels of different regions are converging and there is σ -convergence.

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The coefficient of variation for the central region demonstrates an increasing trend that subsequently transitions into a decreasing trend over the observed period from 2013 to 2023.The coefficient of variation exhibits a gradual increase from 2013 to 2017, with a rise from approximately 0.2 to nearly 0.4.Following 2017, a decline is initiated, leading to a value close to 0.3 by 2023.

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The ln_county coefficient is 0.0699656, and the P-value is 0.089, indicating that it is close to being significant at the 10% level.

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In the spatial lag model, the Lagrange multiplier test indicates the presence of significant spatial autocorrelation; however, the robustness test (Robust Lagrange multiplier) suggests that this correlation may not be significant.

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