Interspecific competition with the American Xanthium orientale L. as a possible cause of the decline of the Old-World X. stumarium L.

In general, the Tukey-test (Table S1a–f) showed a significant effect of interspecific competition ( p < 0.001) in all cases except for the bur weight in 2023, whereas for the intraspecific competition it was highly significant ( p < 0.001) for the plant biomass in both years and for bur number in 2022, significant ( p < 0.01) for the bur number and only marginally significant ( p < 0.05) for the bur weight in 2022 (Fig. 3 ).

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