Perioperative Myocardial Injury and Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Hepatic Resection: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Effects on Outcomes.

Briefly, in the presence of a low cardiac index (<2.2 L/min/m 2 ) or at least two signs of hypoperfusion—such as pulse pressure variation ≥ 10%, oliguria (<0.3 mL/kg/h), hemoconcentration (increase in hematocrit without blood transfusion), lactate increase >1 mmol/L with a minimum absolute value of 2 mmol/L, a negative trend in base excess with negative absolute values, or a heart rate increase > 10% while anesthesia depth and catecholamine infusion remain stable—we perform a mini fluid challenge by infusing 100 mL of crystalloids over 1 min to assess fluid responsiveness.

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