Effectiveness of influenza vaccination in preventing severe COPD exacerbations and pneumonia before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective cohort study.

Lancet Reg Health Eur · 2025 · PMC12432981 · PMID 40950395

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

However, during and after the pandemic, vaccine effectiveness across both risk groups did not reach statistical significance, reflecting the patterns seen in the overall population ( Fig. 2 ).

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