Asymmetric effects of spectator presence on home and away team performance: a natural experiment from the 2021 K League 1 season.

Front Psychol · 2025 · PMC12434956 · PMID 40959758

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

However, outcome variables, such as points ( d = 0.06) and win percentage ( d = 0.08), demonstrated negligible effect sizes and did not reach statistical significance.

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