Enhancing mechanical and freeze-thaw performance of MICP-treated sand through palm fiber reinforcement: A sustainable approach for sandy soil stabilization.

Although quantitative depth profiling of calcium carbonate is not conducted in this study, qualitative examination of cross-sectional samples reveals a clear trend: samples with moderate fiber content (e.g., 0.15%) exhibit relatively homogeneous CaCO3 deposition throughout the vertical profile, whereas samples with higher fiber dosages (≥0.25%) show calcium carbonate concentrated primarily in the upper layers, with visibly reduced mineralization at depth.

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