Parthanatos drives cognitive decline in repeated brain trauma: MSC-derived exosomes as a novel therapeutic strategy.

Although the two-dose regimen showed a subtle improvement compared to the single one, this effect did not reach statistical significance, further highlighting the similar efficacy of both treatments in preventing cortical damage induced by RTBI. 3.6 MSC-driven exosomes alleviate cortical PARP1 overactivation, PAR formation, and NAD + consumption in RTBI-induced parthanatos The impact of RTBI on the parthanatos cascade is illustrated in Figure 7 .

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