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Effects of long-term cryopreservation on sperm quality and oxidative stress in Manchega rams (Ovis aries).

Reproduction · 2025 · PMC12444800 · PMID 40953820

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a negative trendno p-value reported
A negative trend was observed in oxidative stress indicators, while sperm viability exhibited a slight positive trend, suggesting that oxidative stress may have a greater impact on older frozen samples.

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a positive trendno p-value reported
A positive trend was observed in the percentage of viable spermatozoa relative to generation, while a negative trend emerged in spermatozoa entering early apoptosis relative to generation.

also in 11,005 other papers

Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.