Prevalence of peripheral arterial disease and arterial calcification based on three ankle-brachial index calculation methods (highest, average, and lowest systolic ankle pressure): A cross-sectional study in Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Peru.

This is consistent with findings from the FinnDiane study and other cohorts in Latin America and Asia, which identify disease duration as a key determinant of vascular calcification and PAD [ 33 , 50 , 6 ] Interestingly, age was not significantly associated with AC in our cohort and even showed a trend toward higher prevalence in younger patients, suggesting that in certain individuals—possibly with specific metabolic or genetic profiles—calcification may develop early in the disease course.

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