Do the early social environment and persistent peripartum depressive symptoms shape toddlers' expressive language?

JCPP Adv · 2025 · PMC12446726 · PMID 40979740

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0510

closest p · 1.0× alpha

0.0510

boldest claim

The sentences

approached significancep = 0.051so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

This analysis revealed that the disadvantage associated with being a second‐born child became insignificant for girls and approached significance for boys ( p = 0.051).

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a positive trendno p-value reported

Notably, the coefficient for firstborns with siblings showed a positive trend, although it does not reach statistical significance.

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