The use of rumen-protected amino acids and fibrous by-products can increase the sustainability of milk production.

A p -value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant; and ap-value ≤ 0.01 was considered highly significant.

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However, in both studies these fluctuations did not reach statistical significance, suggesting that although ruminal pH variation is evident, its biological impact under the tested conditions remains limited.

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