Intestinal CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells treated with <i>Pseudostellaria heterophylla</i> polysaccharide improve insulin resistance in BNL CL.2 cells by modulating PI3K/AKT signaling and energy metabolism.

Among the treatment groups, both the P-T and PM-T groups significantly lowered MDA levels (P<0.05), and although the M-T group also showed a trend toward reducing MDA, the difference was not statistically significant compared with the Mod-T group (P>0.05).

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