A significant trend is the development of bespoke conductive filaments (e.g., PLA composites with graphene, carbon nanotubes, or metal nanoparticles), which are tailored to enhance electrochemical performance by optimizing conductivity and biocompatibility, surpassing the limitations of commercial filaments like Black Magic ® or Proto-Pasta ® that often contain impurities affecting sensor reliability [ 118 ].
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