Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution Changes the Aquaporin Expression Profile in Specific Tissues and Induces Apoptotic and Inflammatory Processes in a Rat Model.

These findings reflect acute acid–base disturbances triggered by the rapid volume shift, even though the overall group comparisons did not reach statistical significance. Due to hemodilution, the blood lactate concentration in the ANH group increased markedly at the T 1 time point ( p < 0.0004), likely due to hypoperfusion-induced anaerobic metabolism, and remained elevated at the T 2 time point compared to the control ( p = 0.0018) and sham ( p = 0.0157) groups ( Figure 2 D).

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