The Effect of Consuming Caffeine Before Late Afternoon/Evening Training or Competition on Sleep: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.

Sports (Basel) · 2025 · PMC12473705 · PMID 41003623

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

However, the reduction did not reach statistical significance.

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practically significantno p-value reported

Subjective–Objective Disconnect The most consistent and practically significant finding of our systematic review is the robust disconnect between objective sleep measurements and athletes’ subjective sleep experiences following evening caffeine consumption.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.