Unilateral EMG-Guided Botulinum Toxin for Retrograde Cricopharyngeus Dysfunction: A Prospective Clinical and Neurophysiological Study.

Toxins (Basel) · 2025 · PMC12474157 · PMID 41003522

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0000

closest p · 0.0× alpha

0.0500

boldest claim

The sentences

highly significantp = 0.00001actually significant

The Friedman test revealed a highly significant effect across timepoints for the total eight-item symptom score (χ 2 = 44.8, p = 0.00001).

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did not reach statistical significancep > 0.05actually significant

However, these differences did not reach statistical significance for any individual item (all p > 0.05), suggesting a consistent but variable clinical trend favoring the higher dose.

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