Global burden of chronic kidney disease due to diabetes mellitus type 2 attributable to low physical activity and high body mass index from 1990 to 2021.

For birth cohort effects, DALYs rate for CKD-T2DM attributable these two modifiable behavioral risk factors generally showed a trend similar to that of period effects ( Figure 3D and 3H ).

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Globally, the ASR of deaths and DALYs for CKD-T2DM attributable to low PA maintains a relatively stable trend since 1990, while the proportion of CKD-T2DM burden due to low PA show a decreasing trend.

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With respect to temporal patterns, the low-PA-related CKD-T2DM burden in high SDI region presents an increasing trend in past 3 decades, however, jointpoint analysis revealed a decreasing trend with a segmental AAPC of -0.63% during 2015 and 2021.

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