Longitudinal Relationship of Early Postnatal Testosterone and Harsh Parenting at 1-3 Months of Age to Physical Aggression at 12 Months of Age in Boys and Girls.

Biol Psychiatry Glob Open Sci · 2025 · PMC12523065 · PMID 41103617

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0620

closest p · 1.2× alpha

0.0620

boldest claim

The sentences

marginally significantp = .062so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

In boys, the interaction was marginally significant in predicting parent-reported physical aggression ( t 210 = 1.842, p = .062).

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

Simple slope analyses revealed a significant positive association between testosterone and parent-reported physical aggression when harsh parenting was high (i.e., 1 SD above the mean) (slope = 0.013, 95% CI, 0.0042 to 0.0216); when harsh parenting was low (i.e., 1 SD below the mean), the association was in the same direction but did not reach statistical significance (slope = 0.007, 95% CI, −0.0041 to 0.0184).

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