Practical Application of Passive Air-Coupled Ultrasonic Acoustic Sensors for Wheel Crack Detection.

With highly significant p -values ( p << 0.001), this result identified acoustic damping within the ultrasonic band as a primary and highly reliable indicator of overt wheel damage.

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For clarity of presentation, wheels are displayed left-to-right by decreasing visually assessed damage severity (subjective ordering used only for visualization), which reveals a clear trend-most evident for the axial orientation in Figure 24 b.

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