Global, regional, and national differences in the incidence and mortality of digestive congenital anomalies from 1990 to 2021, with projections for future trends.

A negative value for both the EAPC and the upper limit of its 95% confidence interval indicates a declining trend, while a positive value for both the EAPC and the lower limit of its confidence interval indicates an increasing trend.

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Nonetheless, all regions exhibited a decreasing trend in overall mortality, and the corresponding average estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was negative across all regions.

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Other age-specific mortality rates and their corresponding EAPCs similarly exhibited a negative trend (see Supplementary Table S5 and Figure 2 ). 3.2.3.

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