Peri-Operative Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Modulates CD4<sup>+</sup> Lymphocyte Immunophenotype <i>Ex Vivo</i> in High-Risk Patients Undergoing Major Elective Surgery-A Preliminary Observational Study.

Cefuroxime Has an Immunomodulatory Effect on T h1 Subset Function in the Lymphocyte Characterisation Cohort At a high dose, cefuroxime was associated with reduced activation of T h1 lymphocytes with reduced CD28, IFN-γ, and Fas, and a trend towards increased expression of PD-1 and reduced expression of IL-7R, although changes did not reach statistical significance.

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