Barely Significant
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Increasing central and northern European summer heatwave intensity due to forced changes in internal variability.

Nat Commun · 2025 · PMC12575768 · PMID 41168184

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a negative trendno p-value reported
A slower increase of extreme temperatures compared to the mean leads to a negative trend of the forced signal in EuSHW intensity after detrending daily maximum temperatures.

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a positive trendno p-value reported
In contrast, the tropical upper troposphere is warming at a greater rate compared to the Arctic, strengthening the upper-tropospheric temperature gradient, accelerating and shifting the jet northward, and contributing to a positive trend in the summer North Atlantic Oscillation (SNAO) 68 – 71 .

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