The impact of β-blockers on outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy in advanced lung cancer: a multicenter real-world study.

Front Immunol · 2025 · PMC12583203 · PMID 41194930

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.3200

closest p · 6.4× alpha

0.3200

boldest claim

The sentences

did not reach statistical significanceP = 0.32not close (p > 0.1)

Similarly, the Cox proportional hazards model indicated a protective effect of BBs on PFS (HR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.49–0.92, P = 0.014), but the association with OS did not reach statistical significance (HR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.56–1.21, P = 0.32).

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a favorable trendno p-value reported

also observed a favorable trend of BBs use in ICIs-treated lung cancer patients, but it was not statistically significant ( 11 ); our larger sample and rigorous methodology likely yield more reliable results. β-adrenergic receptors (β-AR) are widely expressed in tumor cells, immune cells, and vascular endothelial cells.

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