Secondary Compounds in Milkweed Nectar Negatively Impact Thermal Tolerance in Bumble Bees.

impatiens We found a highly significant effect of ouabain concentration on THS in B. impatiens after controlling for consumption ( F 8,152 = 18.2, p < 0.001) (Figure 1A ).

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As there was a marginally significant effect of the interaction term, we then explored the effect of consumption on THS for each honey type individually as well as all non‐milkweed honeys combined using estimated marginal trends (EMTs) from the emmeans package.

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There was no significant effect of consumption amount ( F 1,148 = 2.61, p = 0.11), although consumption showed a trend where it increased up to 0.001% and was the lowest at 0.10% (Figure S2 ).

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