The effect of music interventions in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The effect estimate becomes more statistically robust, reaching marginal significance (z = 1.92, p -value = 0.06), suggesting a potential positive impact of music on general behavior.

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While most subgroups showed no statistically significant changes, some specific tools, such as the Verbal Production Evaluation Scale (VPES), which focuses on the quantity and quality of verbal output, showed a moderately positive effect, though this result also did not reach statistical significance (z = 1.39, p -value = 0.16).

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Although the overall effect was not statistically significant, the MD of 1.2 suggests a positive trend favoring MI.

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Although the overall meta-analytic effect narrowly missed statistical significance, the consistent positive direction of the effects, combined with substantial and meaningful subgroup differences, indicates that MI can foster improvements in social interaction among autistic individuals, particularly when targeted to specific contexts and measured through responsive, ecologically valid tools.

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