The effectiveness of high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic outcomes in middle-aged and elderly populations with chronic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Front Physiol · 2025 · PMC12605200 · PMID 41234698

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

Notably, Group 2 (9–16 weeks) showed a significant effect (SMD = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.27–0.59), while Group 1 (SMD = −0.42, 95% CI: −0.91 to 0.07) and Group 3 (SMD = 0.18, 95% CI: −0.20–0.55) did not reach statistical significance ( Figure 5b ).

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