Clinical Applications of Bovine Colostrum in GastrointestinaI Disorders: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Therapeutic Potential.

Int J Mol Sci · 2025 · PMC12608013 · PMID 41226709

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

However, due to the limited number of participants in each group, these favorable trends did not reach statistical significance, and no definitive antimicrobial benefit of HBC could be established [ 83 ].

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a positive trendno p-value reported

While results did not reach statistical significance due to the small sample size, they indicate a positive trend and support further investigation into the immunomodulatory and gut-protective effects of colostrum in IBS patients [ 97 ].

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.