approached significancep = 0.056
Although the Pair × Orientation interaction approached significance ( p = 0.056), post-hoc comparisons showed that only the Infant versus Adult comparison demonstrated a substantial orientation difference: the upright orientation ( M = 12.14, SD = 50.47) exceeded the inverted orientation ( M = − 7.43, SD = 63.33), t (870) = 3.66, p < 0.001.