In our GAM analysis, the species richness in each quadrat showed an increasing trend between 1981 and 1996, with fluctuations observed in individual years (Fig. 3 ).
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Vegetation change threatens the sustainability of cultural keystone species and traditional ecological knowledge in a social-ecological system.
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The ranking system established through interviews with thatch users revealed a clear trend: species classified as Rank A species decreased in coverage, while Rank C species, which diminish thatch quality, increased.