Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomes alleviate antibiotic-induced intestinal barrier damage by regulating autophagy via the S100G/mTOR signaling pathway.

The significance threshold is set at α = 0.05, with the following marking standards: * p < 0.05 (significant), ** p < 0.01 (highly significant), and *** p < 0.001 (extremely significant).

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Although decreases were observed in microbial diversity metrics—Shannon index (5.22 ± 0.62 versus 4.27 ± 0.16) and Simpson index (0.92 ± 0.04 versus 0.91 ± 0.01)—these alterations did not reach statistical significance.

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