Glycemic variability of glycated hemoglobin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of cardiovascular diseases: a latest systematic review and meta-analysis.

Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) · 2025 · PMC12629938 · PMID 41282290

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

In contrast, HVS and HGI showed the same directional trend but did not reach statistical significance, indicating that SD and CV are more robust predictors.

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a positive trendno p-value reported

The results showed a positive trend that higher HbA1c-HGI might increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (P = 0.06 > 0.05), with no statistically significant difference, as shown in Figure 4 . 3.2.4 HbA1c-HVS and the incidence of cardiovascular disease Three studies ( 15 , 39 , 50 ) with a total of 6 sub-studies used HR as the effect size to explore the relationship between HbA1c-HVS and the incidence of cardiovascular disease.

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