Psychosocial stress and stroke risk: meta-analysis of observational studies.

The test yielded a highly significant result ( p < 0.0001), confirming the presence of potential publication bias across the included studies ( Figure 7 ).

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Despite the numerical difference in risk magnitude between men and women, the test for subgroup difference did not reach statistical significance ( P = 0.61), suggesting that psychological stress exerts a comparable impact on stroke risk across males and females ( Figure 4 ).

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