Growth mindset and socioeconomic inequality in academic achievement across seventy-three PISA countries.

Overall, Macnamara and Burgoyne 13 found a small average effect of growth mindset interventions on student achievement of d = 0.05 that did not reach statistical significance after correcting for publication bias.

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Regarding the overall difference in PISA learning scores between students with low versus high socioeconomic status (Total Effect, Q1 in Table 2 ), we find a substantial and highly significant gap.

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