Global Epidemiology of Smoking and Liver Cancer from 1990 to 2021.

Diseases · 2025 · PMC12651385 · PMID 41294896

Europe PMC DOI

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

A positive EAPC with a 95% CI exceeding zero signified an increasing trend, while a negative value indicated a decrease.

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showed a trendno p-value reported

In countries with a medium SDI level, ASMR and ASDR showed a trend of being high at first and then low with the increase in SDI.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.