Development of Halochromic and Bioactive Polyvinyl Alcohol Films Enriched With <i>Kalanchoë blossfeldiana</i> Anthocyanins for Active and Intelligent Poultry Packaging.

3.3 Water Contact Angle of PVA and Anthocyanin‐Enhanced Films The water contact angle (WCA) measurements of the biodegradable films reveal a decreasing trend with increasing anthocyanin content, indicating an enhancement in the hydrophilic nature of the films (Figure 2 ).

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The inhibition zone results against Staphylococcus aureus demonstrate a clear trend in antimicrobial efficacy as anthocyanin pigment concentrations increase in PVA‐based biodegradable films (Figure 7b ).

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