nominally significantp ≈ 0.021
MR estimates were directionally consistent across methods, with nominally significant associations under IVW (OR ≈ 1.001; 95% CI ∼1.000–1.002; p ≈ 0.021) and weighted median (OR ≈ 1.0009; 95% CI ∼1.0002–1.0017; p ≈ 0.011), whereas MR-Egger and weighted mode were not significant ( Figure 3B , Supplementary File 2 ).