Enhancing alfalfa yield via micro-nano bubble oxygenation in subsurface drip irrigation: rhizosphere mechanisms unveiled by structural equation modeling.

Front Plant Sci · 2025 · PMC12670129 · PMID 41341310

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highly significantno p-value reported

Irrigation exerted strong direct positive effects on rhizosphere biology, with highly significant standardized path coefficients of 0.903*** for catalase, 0.916*** for urease, 0.655*** for bacteria, 0.818*** for fungi, and 0.832*** for actinomycetes.

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showed a trendno p-value reported

Response of dry matter accumulation to water-air coupling As shown in Figure 8 , micro-nano bubble irrigation significantly improved the dry matter yield of alfalfa: under a fixed irrigation volume, appropriate increase in dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration led to higher yield, but further oxygen increase resulted in diminishing returns; under constant DO conditions, raising the irrigation amount also enhanced yield, yet continuing increase similarly showed a trend of diminishing marginal gains.

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