Effectiveness of physical exercise on mental health among university students: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Front Psychol · 2025 · PMC12673509 · PMID 41346526

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0530

closest p · 1.1× alpha

0.0670

boldest claim

The sentences

borderline significantp = 0.053so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

In contrast, studies with 4 to <7 sessions showed a smaller, borderline significant effect (SMD = −0.43, 95% CI: −0.86 to 0.01, p = 0.053) and higher heterogeneity ( I 2 = 76.4%).

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did not reach statistical significancep = 0.067so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Although the between-group difference did not reach statistical significance ( p = 0.067), the trend suggests that resistance-based or multimodal interventions may confer greater benefits for anxiety reduction.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.