Trends in type 2 diabetes-related deaths and disability-adjusted life years among smoking middle-aged and elderly adults in China, 1990-2021.

An increasing trend in rate metrics was suggested when both the EAPC value and the lower bound of the 95% CI surpassed zero.

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Conversely, a decreasing trend was observed when both the EAPC value and the upper bound of the 95% CI were beneath zero.

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The absence of a significant trend in the overall death rate but an upward trend in the overall DALYs rate suggests that while the risk of death from smoking-associated T2DM has not changed substantially, the overall disease burden in terms of DALYs has increased.

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