Fatty infiltration and cross-sectional area as indicators of muscle mass in osteoporosis: a meta-regression study.

Under the robust specification, the effect of outcome type (FI vs CSA) remained marginally significant (Estimate = 0.37, 95% CI − 0.04 to 0.78, p = 0.07), while all other moderators showed no statistically significant associations with effect sizes (see Supplementary Table S4 ).

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However, in the comparison between osteopenia and control groups, the pooled effect did not reach statistical significance (SMD = − 0.33, 95% CI: − 0.83 to 0.18, I 2 = 4.4%, see Supplementary Figure S2 ).

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