Barely Significant
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Pre-Experimental Wet Heat Sterilization Alters the Ecotoxicity of Pristine Graphene Oxide Toward <i>Daphnia magna</i>.

Nanomaterials (Basel) · 2025 · PMC12693538 · PMID 41369471

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an increasing trendno p-value reported
Based on inhibition percentage data, although an increasing trend in the toxicity of untreated, autoclaved, and tyndallized GO samples could be observed, the calculated inhibitions relative to the control group were not statistically significant.

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a clear trendno p-value reported
The hydrodynamic diameter distribution results ( Figure S4 ) of the Daphnia growth medium, the GO stuck suspensions in distilled water (DW), and samples from the assembled test systems with GM suggest a large fraction of particles in the range of 1–2.5 μm, in many cases with a multi-peaked (highly heterodisperse) size distribution, so a clear trend could not be observed.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.