showed a trendp = 0.084
Age-stratified PERMANOVA within the same timepoint comparisons confirmed this pattern: in 1–2-year-olds, Ill and Not-Ill children showed a trend toward divergence at D15 ( F (1, 178) = 2.32, p = 0.084, R 2 = 0.013, 95% CI [0.008, 0.030]) and significant separation at D85 ( F (1, 194) = 2.64, p = 0.049, R 2 = 0.013, 95% CI [0.008, 0.031]), whereas no significant separation was observed in the 7–12-month or >2-year groups at any timepoint (Fig. 2 ; Supplementary Table 9 ).