Multimodal analgesia in resource-limited settings: A comparative analysis of postoperative pain management strategies in Pakistan.

A highly significant association was also observed between pain management strategy and side effects (p < 0.001).

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However, rescue analgesia use was marginally associated with gender, showing borderline significance (p = 0.050), with females slightly more likely to require additional pain relief (66 vs. 56 cases).

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While multimodal therapy showed lower mean pain scores than opioid-based regimens, the difference between these two groups was marginally non-significant (p = 0.060), suggesting a trend but not definitive superiority in terms of pain reduction.

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Although pain scores were lower compared to opioid-based therapy, the difference did not reach statistical significance, underscoring the need for larger, more powered studies to confirm these findings.

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