Measuring Mental Effort in Real Time Using Pupillometry.

J Eye Mov Res · 2025 · PMC12733481 · PMID 41440770

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0001

closest p · 0.0× alpha

0.0510

boldest claim

The sentences

highly significantp < 0.0001actually significant

A repeated-measures ANOVA on the transformed LHIPA revealed a highly significant main effect of task, F ( 1 , 29 ) = 458.076 , p < 0.0001 , with a large effect size ( η 2 = 0.827 ).

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marginally significantp = 0.051so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

n3 was marginally significant ( p = 0.051 ), but with weak evidence for a true difference (BF10 = 1.44 ) and a very small effect size ( g = − 0.14 ).

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a clear trendno p-value reported

A clear trend emerged, showing that higher N-back levels corresponded to increased mental effort, as reflected in the higher RIPA2 values.

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marginal significanceno p-value reported

Additionally, post hoc paired comparisons using the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure showed marginal significance between n0 and n2, and between n1 and n2.

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